Quantum repeaters are essential for long-distance quantum communication because direct transmission of photons suffers exponential loss with distance. Repeaters divide the channel into shorter segments, store entangled states in quantum memories, and perform entanglement swapping via Bell-state measurements to extend communication range without significant fidelity loss . One-way repeater architectures using concatenated ring graph codes allow fault-tolerant entanglement swapping, robust against both photon loss and operational errors, enabling high-rate communication over distances exceeding 10,000 km .
The Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) qubit encoding is particularly effective for low-loss channels. GKP qubits allow deterministic Gaussian entangling operations and Bell measurements, which can be implemented at room temperature . Photon loss can be converted into a correctable Gaussian-random displacement error using phase-insensitive or phase-sensitive amplification, and standard GKP error correction procedures can recover the transmitted quantum information with high probability for low-loss segments . This approach reduces the number of qubits required while maintaining secure key rates.
For fiber-based long-distance communication, operating at telecom wavelengths minimizes optical fiber losses. Quantum dots (QDs) emitting in the O- and C-bands serve as high-performance quantum light sources and spin-photon interfaces, enabling efficient coupling between stationary qubits and flying photonic qubits . Techniques such as quantum frequency conversion allow near-infrared QD devices to interface with telecom-band fibers, facilitating low-loss transmission over long distances.
A customized low-loss quantum communication process combines quantum repeaters, GKP qubits, concatenated error-correcting codes, and telecom-band photonic interfaces. By segmenting the channel, applying error correction, and optimizing the wavelength and emitter technology, it is possible to achieve high-fidelity, long-distance quantum communication suitable for secure quantum networks and distributed quantum computing applications .
While superconducting quantum circuits are a promising platform for Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) computation in the
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Whether for research environments or quantum-safe communication infrastructure, DIAMOND provides modular,
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Here we propose an all-optical memory-based quantum repeater for long-distance quantum communication, with
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Chinese researchers reported advances that move quantum communication closer to practical networks, combining
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