Standard single-mode SFP or optical transceivers generally use two separate fibers: one for transmitting (TX) and one for receiving (RX) data. This duplex configuration ensures stable, long-distance communication and is widely supported in Ethernet, telecom, and data center networks. The module contains distinct transmitter and receiver components, usually laser-based for TX and photodiode-based for RX, optimized for single-mode fiber with a narrow 9 µm core and operating at 1310 nm or 1550 nm wavelengths .
Some single-mode modules are designed for bidirectional communication over a single fiber. These BiDi modules use wavelength division multiplexing (WDM): the transmitter sends data at one wavelength (e.g., 1310 nm) while the receiver operates at a different wavelength (e.g., 1550 nm). A WDM coupler inside the module separates the two wavelengths, allowing simultaneous TX and RX on a single strand of fiber. BiDi modules are often used to save fiber infrastructure or in situations where only one fiber is available .
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