Average Optical Power: This is the typical light intensity emitted by the transmitter under normal conditions. For most optical modules, the average optical power is measured when transmitting a pseudo-random sequence of "1"s and "0"s, representing a balanced data signal. It is usually expressed in mW or dBm, with dBm being the standard in communications. Typical values depend on module type and data rate, but staying within the manufacturer's specified range ensures proper operation and signal reach . Extinction Ratio: This measures the ability of the laser to distinguish between "1" and "0" signals. It is the ratio of the optical power when transmitting all "1"s to the power when transmitting all "0"s, expressed in dB. A normal module maintains an extinction ratio sufficient to prevent bit errors and ensure signal integrity . Receiver Sensitivity: This is the minimum optical power the receiver can detect while maintaining a low bit error rate (BER, typically 10^-12). Normal operation requires the received optical power to be above this threshold. Higher data rates generally require higher minimum received power . Overload Optical Power: Also called saturation optical power, this is the maximum optical power the receiver can handle without signal distortion or damage. Exceeding this limit can cause bit errors or equipment damage, so normal operation avoids strong light exposure beyond this threshold .
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