An optical splitter is a passive device that divides a single incoming optical signal into multiple output signals without requiring power, using the physics of light to distribute signals efficiently . In FTTH networks, splitters allow a single fiber from the central office (CO) to serve multiple homes or devices, reducing the need for separate fibers for each endpoint . Splitters can also combine multiple signals into one, functioning bidirectionally for two-way communication.
In a standard PON setup, the optical line terminator (OLT) at the CO sends optical signals to the splitter, which then distributes the signals to multiple Optical Network Terminals (ONTs) at the customer premises . The ONT converts optical signals to electrical signals, which are then connected to a home or sub-router for internet access . The splitter itself does not perform routing or packet processing; it simply replicates the optical signal to multiple outputs.
Connecting a splitter directly to a sub-router is uncommon because routers require electrical signals, not optical signals. To connect directly, an ONT or media converter is typically needed between the splitter and the router to convert optical signals to Ethernet or another electrical format . Without this conversion, the router cannot interpret the optical signal.
In PONs, all packets from the OLT are replicated at the splitter and sent to the addressed ONT. This replication is efficient because the splitter is passive and does not require processing power, though it does introduce insertion loss, which slightly reduces signal strength . Encryption is maintained end-to-end, so copying signals at the splitter does not compromise security; the splitter does not need to interpret the packet contents .
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