The Remote Radio Unit (RRU) is typically mounted on outdoor telecom towers or rooftops near antennas, exposing it to varying environmental conditions such as extreme temperatures and direct sunlight . Inside the RRU, the optical module is installed within the unit, linking the RRU's optical port to the fiber optic cables that connect to the Baseband Unit (BBU) located indoors in a climate-controlled environment . This integration allows the RRU to convert digital signals from the BBU into RF signals for transmission and vice versa for uplink signals .
Since RRUs are exposed to outdoor conditions, the optical modules must support industrial temperature ranges from -40℃ to 85℃ to ensure stable performance under extreme weather . The modules are designed to withstand heat generated by the RRU itself and direct sunlight, without active cooling systems.
The optical module serves as the transmission bearer between the RRU and BBU, typically using single-mode fiber optic cables. In 4G networks, RRUs may require 2–6 core optical fibers, and optical modules can range from 1.25G to 10G depending on network requirements . Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM) is often used to optimize fiber usage between multiple RRUs and BBUs .
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