Transmission Medium: Electrical cables use metal conductors such as copper or aluminum to carry electrical current or signals, whereas optical fiber cables use glass or plastic fibers to transmit light signals via total internal reflection . Signal Type: Electrical cables carry electrical signals, which can weaken over long distances and are susceptible to electromagnetic interference. Optical fiber cables carry light signals, which travel faster, over longer distances, and are immune to electrical interference . Structure: Electrical cables consist of one or more insulated metal wires surrounded by protective jackets. Optical fiber cables have a core of glass or plastic fiber, cladding to reflect light internally, protective coatings, and an outer jacket. Some optical cables also include strength members like Kevlar or steel for durability . Performance: Optical fiber cables offer higher bandwidth, longer transmission distances, and lower signal loss compared to electrical cables. Electrical cables are generally limited to shorter distances due to resistance and interference . Applications: Electrical cables are used for power transmission, control systems, and low-speed data transfer. Optical fiber cables are used in telecommunications, high-speed networking, data centers, industrial systems, and medical equipment where high-speed, long-distance, and interference-resistant transmission is required . Size and Flexibility: Optical fiber cables often have a smaller diameter than electrical cables because they do not require bulky metal conductors and insulation layers . In summary, while both are types of cables, electrical cables and optical fiber cables serve fundamentally different purposes and are designed for distinct transmission methods, materials, and performance requirements.
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