Fiber optic transmission is affected by attenuation and dispersion. Attenuation arises from absorption (e.g., water vapor or metallic impurities) and scattering within the fiber. Certain wavelength ranges, called transmission windows, minimize these losses. The 850 nm, 1300/1310 nm, and 1550 nm windows correspond to low-loss regions in silica fibers, making them optimal for communication .
Modern networks often use Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), where multiple channels are transmitted simultaneously on different wavelengths within the 1550 nm band. This allows efficient utilization of a single fiber and significantly increases network capacity .
In summary, the main wavelengths in fiber optic communication are:
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