In 4G networks, the connection between the BBU and RRU is established using optical modules and fibers. The commonly used optical module rates include 1.25G, 2.5G, 6G, and 10G, depending on the network capacity and distance requirements . These modules often use SFP+ form factors and support CPRI interfaces. For longer distances or higher capacity, multiple optical fibers or wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) techniques are employed to efficiently connect BBUs and RRUs .
With the advent of 5G, the network interface has evolved from CPRI to eCPRI, requiring higher data rates. The bearer network in 5G primarily uses 25G optical modules, typically in SFP28 form factor, to handle the increased traffic between BBUs and RRUs . These modules support IEEE 802.3 25GBASE-SR Ethernet and can transmit over multimode fibers (OM3/OM4) for distances ranging from 70m to 300m depending on the fiber type .
| Network Generation | Optical Module Rate | Form Factor | Interface Standard |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4G | 1.25G, 2.5G, 6G, 10G | SFP/SFP+ | CPRI |
| 5G | 25G | SFP28 | eCPRI / 25GBASE-SR Ethernet |
These optical modules are hot-pluggable transceivers that convert electrical signals from the BBU into optical signals for transmission to the RRU and vice versa, ensuring high-speed, low-latency communication in cellular networks . In conclusion, the rate of optical modules in base stations depends on the network generation, with 4G using up to 10G modules and 5G requiring 25G modules to meet higher bandwidth demands.
Considering that some newcomers to optical modules may not understand the letters on the optical module or the
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